Објављен препринт предстојећег рада Bennet et al. "The origin of the Gravettians: genomic evidence from a 36,000-year-old Eastern 2 European" на bioRxiv-у.
Link:
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685404v1Рад се бави испитивањем порекла становништва везаног за млађепалеолитску културу Граветијена. У питању је локалитет Буран Каја III на Криму.
Buran Kaya 3A старости 35775calBP припада мтДНК хаплогрупи N1, односно Y хаплогрупи BT, највероватније CT или C.
Што се тиче аутозомалне анализе интересантна су ова два пасуса.
Discussion
The results of the genome-wide analysis of BuranKaya3A offer important evidence linking the
previously established genetic signature of the manufacturers of the Gravettian in Central Europe
to a much earlier appearance of the Gravettian in Eastern Europe. The absence of the “Common
West Eurasian” ancestry, as represented by Villabruna, in BuranKaya3A marks a key genetic
distinction between the Gravettian inhabitants of Buran-Kaya III, possibly including the broader
populations of EUP Eastern Europe as well, and the UP populations of Western and Central
Europe, which is characterized by a West-to-East reduction in “Common West Eurasian” ancestry
(seen in Extended Data Figure 10). The association we show here of this eastern genetic character
with the cultural material of the Gravettian of Buran-Kaya III, which has been compared to nearby
contemporaneous Early Upper Palaeolithic assemblages from the Caucasus indicated in Figure
3, collectively support an eastern advance of AMHs during the EUP into Europe through the
Caucasus as has been previously proposed based on archaeological evidence alone. Such a
population would have had to have split from the settlers of Central Europe and the Mediterranean
prior to their acquisition of the Common West Eurasian component as represented by Villabruna.
In this scenario, the technical adaptations required for the challenging environment of the open
Eastern European plains, a dryer landscape with little natural shelter, as well as possible cultural
exchanges with local populations, may have played a role in the development of the Early
Gravettian industry. The individuals recently characterized genetically from layer C of
Dzudzuana cave in the Caucasus (data not yet available), who were found to contain ancestry (both
Basal Eurasian and Common West Eurasian) that was absent ca. 9,000 years earlier in Crimea,
may represent more recent immigration into Eastern Europe. A higher resolution of these
movements awaits genetic analysis of more EUP and MUP sites from this region.
Low Common West Eurasian ancestry in UP Eastern Europe
Ancestry from a population which split from all non-Africans prior to their separation from each
other, termed Basal Eurasian, had not been known in Europe until after the Last Glacial Maximum
(LGM). However, two 24,000-27,000-year-old (cal BP) individuals from layer C at Dzudzuana
Cave in the southern Caucasus have recently been reported to share ~70% common ancestry with
Villabruna and ~30% ancestry deriving from this Basal-Eurasian source. Additionally, varying
layers of Villabruna ancestry, which did not enter Europe in an unmixed form prior to ca. 14,000
years ago (cal BP), have been found in members of the Gravettian Vestonice cluster as well as
the Magdalenian El Miron cluster, indicating a degree of shared ancestry in these groups with a
“Common West Eurasian” population. We calculated the relative level of Basal Eurasian
ancestry using D-statistic D(EUP East Asian, UP, Ust-Ishim, Mbuti), where a positive value
indicates Basal Eurasian ancestry as allele sharing between the UP individual and Africans. This
analysis showed BuranKaya3A, like other pre-LGM UP Europeans, to be lacking Basal Eurasian
ancestry (Extended Data Figure 9). Similar tests examine the relative affinities of Palaeolithic and
Mesolithic populations to Villabruna as opposed to either modern East Asians, D(x, Han;
Villabruna, Mbuti), or BuranKaya3A, D(x, BuranKaya3A; Villabruna, Mbuti) (Extended Data
Figures 10 and 11, respectively). These results show levels of Villabruna ancestry in Eastern
European EUP individuals (Sunghir3, Kostenki12, Kostenki14, and BuranKaya3A) below that of
later UP Central and Western Europeans from Gravettian contexts (the Vestonice cluster).
Intriguingly, this includes a proportion of shared ancestry with Villabruna in BuranKaya3A similar
to that found in Ust-Ishim and both ancient and modern East Asians (Extended Data Figures 10
and 11), which should be insignificant based on previous admixturegraph analysis.
Буран Каја А3 не поседује ни BE (Basal Eurasian/Базални Евроазијат) ни CWE (Common West Eurasian/Општи Западни Евроазијат) компоненту у свом аутозомалном саставу што сугерише да се ради о популацијама које су се одвојиле раније од оних са уделом CWE компоненте (централноевропски Граветијен Вестонице и западноевропски Магдаленијен Ел Мирон) а што подржава стабло из Лазаридисовог препринта рада о Дзудзуани (CWE и Сунгир3/Костенки14 се одвојили од WE).
Највише CWE имају Лошбур и Бишон, са друге стране та компонента је најмање заступљена код БуранКајаА3, Уст-Ишим те код древних и савремених Источних Азијата.
Од запада ка истоку постоји градација смањења удела CWE што одговара већој заступљености архаичних популација старијег слоја у Источној Европи за време горњег Палеолита. Поменуто би требало да наведе на претпоставку да се миграција популација везаних за CWE са истока на запад десила релативно брзо јер у супротном имали би много већи удео старијих компоненти и на западу.